Long term side effects of monoclonal antibodies for covid - Jan 24, 2022 · The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends waiting 90 days after receiving monoclonal antibodies for treatment and 30 days after receiving the antibodies for post-exposure prevention to get vaccinated against COVID-19. But there might be other factors that need to be considered before you get vaccinated.

 
Dec 13, 2021 · An antiviral that works against all versions of SARS-CoV-2 would be a boon, especially if the current monoclonal antibody treatments fail to work against Omicron or a future variant. . Csct 013

Aug 19, 2021 · The treatments for people infected with Covid-19 are for non-hospitalized adults and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older who have a risk of getting severe Covid-19. Monoclonal antibodies ... The most common side effects of taking Paxlovid include impaired sense of taste (for example, a metallic taste in the mouth) and diarrhea. Liver problems have occurred in patients receiving ritonavir.Molecular engineering has enabled the fine-tuning of monoclonal antibody (mAb) function to enhance their effects and to minimize immunogenicity and side effects. In this article we take a closer ..."These responses may also explain why such long-term effects can occur long after the viral infection has passed." As for COVID-19 vaccines, the primary antigen used is the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.The president’s unique treatment may have prevented his body from making the antibodies necessary for long-term protection. The monoclonal antibodies he received were produced by the drug ...Monoclonal antibody treatment is a neutralizing antibody medicine – meaning, it contains man-made antibodies that are like the antibodies of patients who have recovered from COVID-19. These antibodies may help reduce the amount of COVID-19 virus in your body, which could give your body more time to learn how to make its own antibodies. Jun 23, 2022 · Most monoclonal antibodies don’t last very long in the bloodstream. That’s why they’re only used after a person has been infected. But one type of monoclonal antibody, called Evusheld ... All of these COVID-19 vaccines are still fairly new, so possible long-term side effects are still being studied, and it’s possible that the guidance about the different vaccines might change. If you have concerns about getting one of these COVID-19 vaccines, it’s important to talk with your doctor. Today, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization for two monoclonal antibodies to be administered together for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients who ...Not a lot of people have been given COVID-19 monoclonal antibody therapy. Serious and unexpected side effects may happen. COVID-19 monoclonal antibody therapy is still being studied, so it is possible that all of the risks are not known at this time. Q: How do I report side effects (or medical issues) with infusion therapies? Scientists developing new treatments for those with COVID-19 symptoms are turning to the same biomedicine that is playing an increasingly important role in treating cancer: monoclonal antibodies. While vaccines may eventually reduce the number of COVID-19 infections, therapies are needed to treat those who still get sick from the virus.Dec 24, 2021 · Immune-compromised people who fail to get protective immunity from Covid-19 vaccines tell CNN that the anticipated shortage of Evusheld is the latest in a long list of ways the federal government ... Possible side effects of molnupiravir include diarrhea, dizziness, and nausea. 3. Is molnupiravir similar to Tamiflu? Yes, this new pill is similar—in function, ease of use, and availability—to Tamiflu, the antiviral medication that is used to prevent serious symptoms of flu.Apr 19, 2021 · Fig. 1: Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies: identification, selection and production. The neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) given emergency use authorization for treatment of COVID-19 were ... Benefits of antiviral therapy. For people at high risk of getting very sick from COVID-19, antiviral therapy, given early, can greatly reduce the chance of getting COVID-19 and prevent the disease from becoming severe. It also reduces the chance of needing to be in the hospital. The treatment can also shorten how long COVID-19 symptoms last.Aug 22, 2023 · Your child cannot get COVID-19 from any COVID-19 vaccine. Like adults, children may have some side effects after COVID-19 vaccination. These side effects may affect their ability to do daily activities, but they should go away in a few days. Related pages: COVID-19 Vaccines for Children and Teens; Pfizer-BioNTech; Possible Side Effects ... Oct 13, 2021 · Additional COVID treatments are the antiviral drug remdesivir, which is also used only in people sick enough to be hospitalized, and monoclonal antibodies, which can help mild or moderate cases. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used to help prevent infection in people who have been exposed to the virus and are at high risk of hospitalization ... Feb 7, 2022 · Those results put it on par with monoclonal antibodies and Paxlovid, a COVID-19 pill, which are the best available COVID treatments out there. Remdesivir's side effects — mainly, nausea — are ... Dec 13, 2021 · An antiviral that works against all versions of SARS-CoV-2 would be a boon, especially if the current monoclonal antibody treatments fail to work against Omicron or a future variant. A monoclonal antibody ( mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, binding only to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is ...A monoclonal antibody treatment called leronlimab could reduce long COVID symptoms in some patients, according to a recent pilot study published in the journal Clinical Infectious Disease. The ...Oct 26, 2021 · Quick Overview. Monoclonal antibody therapy is approved for emergency use authorization (EUA) by the FDA for high-risk patients who have tested positive for COVID-19 and patients who have been exposed to COVID-19. Monoclonal antibody therapy is free. You don’t need insurance, but some facilities may ask you to cover an administration fee. Jan 24, 2022 · The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends waiting 90 days after receiving monoclonal antibodies for treatment and 30 days after receiving the antibodies for post-exposure prevention to get vaccinated against COVID-19. But there might be other factors that need to be considered before you get vaccinated. The recommendations for COVID-19 treatments and the use of monoclonal antibodies changes often to meet the demand of up-and-coming variants. For the most up-to-date information, the FDA offers a ...an altered or impaired sense of taste. diarrhea. increased blood pressure. muscle aches. abdominal pain. nausea. feeling generally unwell. Since Paxlovid is cleared by the kidneys, dose adjustments may be required for patients with mild-to-moderate kidney disease, explains Dr. Topal.COVID-19 has accelerated vaccine therapy but also the use of drugs and monoclonal antibodies (mABs) which have been used in COVID-19 therapy. They are primarily adopted to treat high-risk mild-to-moderate non-hospitalized patients, and it has been noted that the administration of two mABs gave better results. mABs, other than polyclonal plasma ...Bamlanivimab 700 Mg/20 Ml (35 Mg/Ml) Intravenous Solution (EUA) Antiviral Monoclonal Antibodies - SARS-Cov-2 Coronavirus - Uses, Side Effects, and More Generic Name(S): bamlanivimabSep 7, 2021 · Monoclonal antibodies are “laboratory-produced molecules that act as substitute antibodies that can restore, enhance, or mimic the immune system’s attack on cells,” according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ). In this case, these antibodies replicate your body’s immune response to COVID-19, blocking or neutralizing the ... Not a lot of people have been given COVID-19 monoclonal antibody therapy. Serious and unexpected side effects may happen. COVID-19 monoclonal antibody therapy is still being studied, so it is possible that all of the risks are not known at this time. Q: How do I report side effects (or medical issues) with infusion therapies?Link Between Blood Cancers and Coronavirus. Blood cancers affect your body’s infection-fighting white blood cells. Multiple myeloma is a cancer of white blood cells called plasma cells. That ... Jan 5, 2022 · Possible side effects of molnupiravir include diarrhea, dizziness, and nausea. 3. Is molnupiravir similar to Tamiflu? Yes, this new pill is similar—in function, ease of use, and availability—to Tamiflu, the antiviral medication that is used to prevent serious symptoms of flu. Monoclonal antibody treatment is a neutralizing antibody medicine – meaning, it contains man-made antibodies that are like the antibodies of patients who have recovered from COVID-19. These antibodies may help reduce the amount of COVID-19 virus in your body, which could give your body more time to learn how to make its own antibodies. These side effects are compiled from side effects listed for several monoclonal antibodies. Each type of monoclonal antibody has its own side effect profile and may or may not cause some of the side effects listed here. Common side effects of monoclonal antibodies include: Allergic reactions. Chills.Not a lot of people have been given COVID-19 monoclonal antibody therapy. Serious and unexpected side effects may happen. COVID-19 monoclonal antibody therapy is still being studied, so it is possible that all of the risks are not known at this time. Q: How do I report side effects (or medical issues) with infusion therapies?Benefits of antiviral therapy. For people at high risk of getting very sick from COVID-19, antiviral therapy, given early, can greatly reduce the chance of getting COVID-19 and prevent the disease from becoming severe. It also reduces the chance of needing to be in the hospital. The treatment can also shorten how long COVID-19 symptoms last.Aug 19, 2021 · The treatments for people infected with Covid-19 are for non-hospitalized adults and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older who have a risk of getting severe Covid-19. Monoclonal antibodies ... COVID-19 has accelerated vaccine therapy but also the use of drugs and monoclonal antibodies (mABs) which have been used in COVID-19 therapy. They are primarily adopted to treat high-risk mild-to-moderate non-hospitalized patients, and it has been noted that the administration of two mABs gave better results. mABs, other than polyclonal plasma ... Apr 1, 2022 · Side effects include: Data from an ongoing trial in outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 (NCT04545060; COMET-ICE) indicate most common treatment-emergent adverse events in those treated with sotrovimab were mild or moderate (grade 1 or 2) rash (2%) and diarrhea (1%). No other treatment-emergent adverse events reported more frequently in ... A nurse enters a monoclonal antibody site, Wednesday, Aug. 18, 2021, at C.B. Smith Park in Pembroke Pines. There are now Regeneron monoclonal antibody treatment clinics in Jacksonville, Ormond ...To make monoclonal antibodies, scientists expose a specific type of cell from the immune system to a particular viral protein -- in this case, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. They...Among patients in EPIC-HR who were antibody positive at trial enrollment, the risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization or death from any cause during 28 days of follow-up was 0.2% among those ... Some people who have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 can experience long-term effects from their infection, known as Long COVID or Post-COVID Conditions (PCC). Long COVID is broadly defined as signs, symptoms, and conditions that continue or develop after acute COVID-19 infection. This definition of Long COVID was developed by ...Your child cannot get COVID-19 from any COVID-19 vaccine. Like adults, children may have some side effects after COVID-19 vaccination. These side effects may affect their ability to do daily activities, but they should go away in a few days. Related pages: COVID-19 Vaccines for Children and Teens; Pfizer-BioNTech; Possible Side Effects ...Not a lot of people have been given COVID-19 monoclonal antibody therapy. Serious and unexpected side effects may happen. COVID-19 monoclonal antibody therapy is still being studied, so it is possible that all of the risks are not known at this time. Q: How do I report side effects (or medical issues) with infusion therapies? Convalescent plasma (kon-vuh-LES-unt PLAZ-muh) therapy uses blood from people who've recovered from an illness to help others get better. When the body clears out a virus, a person's blood has immune system proteins called antibodies. To get convalescent plasma, people donate blood after recovery. The blood is processed to remove blood cells ...Remdesivir has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2. 1. Intravenous remdesivir is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients aged ≥28 days and weighing ≥3 kg. In nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of ...Mar 18, 2021 · Scientists developing new treatments for those with COVID-19 symptoms are turning to the same biomedicine that is playing an increasingly important role in treating cancer: monoclonal antibodies. While vaccines may eventually reduce the number of COVID-19 infections, therapies are needed to treat those who still get sick from the virus. Oct 13, 2021 · Additional COVID treatments are the antiviral drug remdesivir, which is also used only in people sick enough to be hospitalized, and monoclonal antibodies, which can help mild or moderate cases. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used to help prevent infection in people who have been exposed to the virus and are at high risk of hospitalization ... This is especially true with the emergence of new viral variants and the rare vaccine side effects like allergic reactions, heart inflammation ( myocarditis) and blood-clotting ( thrombosis). The spike protein mediates the coronavirus entry into host cells. Critical questions about the infection itself also remain.Jul 20, 2023 · Researchers are also studying proteins created in a lab called monoclonal antibodies. They can help the immune system clear out viruses. The monoclonal antibody, vilobelimab, is authorized by the FDA for those who are on mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, called ECMO. Drugs being studied that have uncertain ... Mar 18, 2021 · Scientists developing new treatments for those with COVID-19 symptoms are turning to the same biomedicine that is playing an increasingly important role in treating cancer: monoclonal antibodies. While vaccines may eventually reduce the number of COVID-19 infections, therapies are needed to treat those who still get sick from the virus. any side effects during or after your infusion. Some of these side effects may be signs of a serious allergic reaction. Keep in mind that only a limited number of people have taken bamlanivimab, and scientists are still learning about its side effects and risks. Serious and unexpected side effects may happen.Although antibody response is a central component of vaccine efficacy, memory B cells may also be important for long-term protection and the ability to respond to emerging variant strains. In SARS-CoV-2 naive subjects, MBCs specific for full-length spike protein and RBD, as well as an optimal neutralizing antibody response are efficiently ...Nov 24, 2021 · This is especially true with the emergence of new viral variants and the rare vaccine side effects like allergic reactions, heart inflammation ( myocarditis) and blood-clotting ( thrombosis). The spike protein mediates the coronavirus entry into host cells. Critical questions about the infection itself also remain. COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics webpage and . NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Treatment Page for the most up-to-date information on this topic. Healthcare systems in the U.S. and abroad have been increasingly administering monoclonal antibodies to treat COVID-19 positive patients.10.1038/nrd3003. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are now established as targeted therapies for malignancies, transplant rejection, autoimmune and infectious diseases, as well as a range of new indications. However, administration of mAbs carries the risk of immune reactions such as acute anaphylaxis, serum sickness and the generation of antibodies.nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea low blood pressure rash anaphylaxis Always talk with a healthcare professional about the possible side effects of the medications you’re taking, especially...Bamlanivimab 700 Mg/20 Ml (35 Mg/Ml) Intravenous Solution (EUA) Antiviral Monoclonal Antibodies - SARS-Cov-2 Coronavirus - Uses, Side Effects, and More Generic Name(S): bamlanivimab FDA News Release Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes New Long-Acting Monoclonal Antibodies for Pre-exposure Prevention of COVID-19 in Certain Individuals For Immediate Release:...Molecular engineering has enabled the fine-tuning of monoclonal antibody (mAb) function to enhance their effects and to minimize immunogenicity and side effects. In this article we take a closer ...Sep 7, 2021 · Monoclonal antibodies are “laboratory-produced molecules that act as substitute antibodies that can restore, enhance, or mimic the immune system’s attack on cells,” according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ). In this case, these antibodies replicate your body’s immune response to COVID-19, blocking or neutralizing the ... Apr 1, 2022 · Side effects include: Data from an ongoing trial in outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 (NCT04545060; COMET-ICE) indicate most common treatment-emergent adverse events in those treated with sotrovimab were mild or moderate (grade 1 or 2) rash (2%) and diarrhea (1%). No other treatment-emergent adverse events reported more frequently in ... Sep 2, 2021 · In the fight against COVID-19, antibodies are the best long-term weapon. A new study from the lab of Yale’s Akiko Iwasaki finds that antibodies, rather than T cells, are crucial in creating lasting protection from COVID-19. When it comes to long-lasting protection against COVID-19, antibodies — proteins created by B cells to neutralize ... "These responses may also explain why such long-term effects can occur long after the viral infection has passed." As for COVID-19 vaccines, the primary antigen used is the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.The treatments for people infected with Covid-19 are for non-hospitalized adults and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older who have a risk of getting severe Covid-19. Monoclonal antibodies ...Those results put it on par with monoclonal antibodies and Paxlovid, a COVID-19 pill, which are the best available COVID treatments out there. Remdesivir's side effects — mainly, nausea — are ...Apr 19, 2021 · Fig. 1: Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies: identification, selection and production. The neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) given emergency use authorization for treatment of COVID-19 were ... Scientists developing new treatments for those with COVID-19 symptoms are turning to the same biomedicine that is playing an increasingly important role in treating cancer: monoclonal antibodies. While vaccines may eventually reduce the number of COVID-19 infections, therapies are needed to treat those who still get sick from the virus.As the omicron variant pushes COVID case counts to new highs, Side Effects and Indiana Public Broadcasting have received audience questions about coronavirus treatments, including monoclonal ...Apr 19, 2021 · Fig. 1: Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies: identification, selection and production. The neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) given emergency use authorization for treatment of COVID-19 were ... As the omicron variant pushes COVID case counts to new highs, Side Effects and Indiana Public Broadcasting have received audience questions about coronavirus treatments, including monoclonal ...nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea low blood pressure rash anaphylaxis Always talk with a healthcare professional about the possible side effects of the medications you’re taking, especially...Mar 24, 2021 · Regeneron’s monoclonal antibody drug treatment can reduce COVID-19 hospitalization and death by 70 percent, according to a press release published March 23. The treatment also reduced the length ... The key to figuring out whether COVID-19 leads to long-lasting antibody protection, Ellebedy realized, lies in the bone marrow. To find out whether those who have recovered from mild cases of COVID-19 harbor long-lived plasma cells that produce antibodies specifically targeted to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, Ellebedy teamed up ...Additional COVID treatments are the antiviral drug remdesivir, which is also used only in people sick enough to be hospitalized, and monoclonal antibodies, which can help mild or moderate cases. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used to help prevent infection in people who have been exposed to the virus and are at high risk of hospitalization ...monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibody treatment with bamlanivimab or with casirivimab and imdevimab are for people who have tested positive for COVID-19 and have mild to moderate symptoms that started no more than 10 days ago. This treatment is designed to be used prior to someone becoming ill enough with COVID-19 to require hospitalization.Aug 22, 2023 · Your child cannot get COVID-19 from any COVID-19 vaccine. Like adults, children may have some side effects after COVID-19 vaccination. These side effects may affect their ability to do daily activities, but they should go away in a few days. Related pages: COVID-19 Vaccines for Children and Teens; Pfizer-BioNTech; Possible Side Effects ... nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea low blood pressure rash anaphylaxis Always talk with a healthcare professional about the possible side effects of the medications you’re taking, especially...Anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies. The SARS-CoV-2 virus’s spike glycoprotein, which sits on its surface, functions to facilitate the virus’s entry into the body’s cells. Some SARS-CoV-2 ...Candidates Treatment procedure Potential side effects FAQs Takeaway On November 30, 2022, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) deauthorized bebtelovimab for emergency use in the United...COVID-19 has accelerated vaccine therapy but also the use of drugs and monoclonal antibodies (mABs) which have been used in COVID-19 therapy. They are primarily adopted to treat high-risk mild-to-moderate non-hospitalized patients, and it has been noted that the administration of two mABs gave better results. mABs, other than polyclonal plasma ...

Sep 2, 2021 · In the fight against COVID-19, antibodies are the best long-term weapon. A new study from the lab of Yale’s Akiko Iwasaki finds that antibodies, rather than T cells, are crucial in creating lasting protection from COVID-19. When it comes to long-lasting protection against COVID-19, antibodies — proteins created by B cells to neutralize ... . Mcdonaldpercent27percent27s near me 24 hours

long term side effects of monoclonal antibodies for covid

Sep 2, 2021 · In the fight against COVID-19, antibodies are the best long-term weapon. A new study from the lab of Yale’s Akiko Iwasaki finds that antibodies, rather than T cells, are crucial in creating lasting protection from COVID-19. When it comes to long-lasting protection against COVID-19, antibodies — proteins created by B cells to neutralize ... "These responses may also explain why such long-term effects can occur long after the viral infection has passed." As for COVID-19 vaccines, the primary antigen used is the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.To find COVID-19 vaccine locations near you: Search vaccines.gov, text your ZIP code to 438829, or call 1-800-232-0233. The right medications for COVID-19 can help. People have been seriously harmed and even died after taking products not approved for use to treat or prevent COVID-19, even products approved or prescribed for other uses.Jul 13, 2022 · Monoclonal antibody therapy has revolutionized the management of oncologic and immunologic diseases. However, they also are associated with adverse effects. In a comprehensive review of adverse effects of 110 agents that have been approved by FDA and/or by the European Medicines Agency, the authors identified both immune- and nonimmune-mediated ... Most monoclonal antibodies don’t last very long in the bloodstream. That’s why they’re only used after a person has been infected. But one type of monoclonal antibody, called Evusheld ...Tell your doctor or nurse right away if you have any side effects during or after your infusion. Keep in mind that only a limited number of people have taken COVID-19 monoclonal antibody treatment – scientists are still learning about its side effects and risks. Serious and unexpected side effects may occur. What if I am pregnant or breast ...Most people experience no side effects from monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19. Some people report mild side effects, like headache or stomach upset/nausea. Rarely, some patients will have what’s called an “infusion reaction,” where they have itching and throat tightness — it looks similar to an allergic reaction.monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibody treatment with bamlanivimab or with casirivimab and imdevimab are for people who have tested positive for COVID-19 and have mild to moderate symptoms that started no more than 10 days ago. This treatment is designed to be used prior to someone becoming ill enough with COVID-19 to require hospitalization. These side effects are compiled from side effects listed for several monoclonal antibodies. Each type of monoclonal antibody has its own side effect profile and may or may not cause some of the side effects listed here. Common side effects of monoclonal antibodies include: Allergic reactions. Chills.Possible side effects of molnupiravir include diarrhea, dizziness, and nausea. 3. Is molnupiravir similar to Tamiflu? Yes, this new pill is similar—in function, ease of use, and availability—to Tamiflu, the antiviral medication that is used to prevent serious symptoms of flu.Apr 1, 2022 · Side effects include: Data from an ongoing trial in outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 (NCT04545060; COMET-ICE) indicate most common treatment-emergent adverse events in those treated with sotrovimab were mild or moderate (grade 1 or 2) rash (2%) and diarrhea (1%). No other treatment-emergent adverse events reported more frequently in ... Oct 3, 2020 · Regeneron's treatment, called REGN-COV2, is a combination or "cocktail" of two antibodies: infection-fighting proteins that were developed to bind to the part of the new coronavirus that it uses ... A new clinical trial at UAB aims to improve cognitive function in patients with "brain fog" and other lingering cognitive symptoms after they have recovered from COVID-19. Even after their bodies have cleared the virus that causes COVID-19, many patients experience long-term effects. One of the most troubling is a change in cognitive function ...Serious side effects that could cause a long-term health problem are extremely rare following any vaccination, including COVID-19 vaccination. The benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the known and potential risks. CDC continues to closely monitor the safety of COVID-19 vaccines.To make monoclonal antibodies, scientists expose a specific type of cell from the immune system to a particular viral protein -- in this case, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. They... Nov 24, 2021 · This is especially true with the emergence of new viral variants and the rare vaccine side effects like allergic reactions, heart inflammation ( myocarditis) and blood-clotting ( thrombosis). The spike protein mediates the coronavirus entry into host cells. Critical questions about the infection itself also remain. Multiorgan effects of COVID-19. Effects of COVID-19 treatment/hospitalization. The typical clinical symptoms in "long covid" are tiredness, dyspnea, fatigue, brain fogginess, autonomic dysfunction, headache, persistent loss of smell or taste, cough, depression, low-grade fevers, palpitations, dizziness, muscle pain, and joint pains.Feb 7, 2022 · Those results put it on par with monoclonal antibodies and Paxlovid, a COVID-19 pill, which are the best available COVID treatments out there. Remdesivir's side effects — mainly, nausea — are ... .

Popular Topics